美国海关简介
时间(TIME)：2021-07-01 14:10:18
美国海关分为两个部分，即海关边境保护局（U.S. Customs and Border Protection，简称CBP）与移民海关执法局（U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement，简称ICE），分别负责边境执法与案件调查，于2003年3月1日成立。
一、美国海关边境保护局（CBP）
CBP的成立使美国历史上首次实现了由一个机构统一管理进入美国口岸的人员与货物。CBP的组建旨在整合口岸执法部门的管理资源和管理技能，提高管理效能与效率，实现在利用一切可支配的资源保护和防御美国免遭侵害的同时便利合法贸易与合法旅行的目标。
（一）CBP的首要使命与主要职责
CBP的首要使命是防范恐怖分子和恐怖武器进入美国。为此，CBP将着力增强美国边境及各口岸的安全，并把美国的安全区扩展至美国的地理边境之外，从而使美国的边境由第一道防线变为最后一道防线。
CBP的主要职责还有：缉捕非法入境者和查禁毒品及其他违禁品，保护农业及经济利益免遭有害动植物和疾病侵害，保护美国商业免遭知识产权侵权损害，规范与便利国际贸易，征收进口关税，执行美国贸易法律。
（二）CBP的安全与便利战略
作为美国单一的边境管理机构，CBP对保护美国及其国民承担至关重要的责任。CBP采取的增强安全与便利合法贸易及旅行的战略是：
－改进风险目标甄别系统，推进提前获取抵达美国的人员与货物的信息；
－与其他国家（地区）政府和与企业建立伙伴关系，以推进“向外扩展安全区”；
－使用预先检查技术，配置有关装备；
－增加边境安全监管人力；
－会同其他机构联手打击贸易瞒骗、知识产权侵权、洗钱等活动，以及协调对非法毒品的控制下交付。
二、美国移民海关执法局（ICE）
ICE拥有约3万名工作人员，是联邦政府中最大的调查机构之一。该局是国土安全部下辖的主要调查机构，被赋予了多项职责：截断恐怖融资、反洗钱、打击非法武器买卖、打击移民诈骗和贩卖人口、拘留并驱逐外来犯罪分子和其他美国认为应当驱逐的外国人。另外，该局还监督国内移民和海关法律的实施，对约9000项联邦设施实施保护。
三、“9.11”后美国海关推出的反恐安全行动
美国盾牌计划(Project Shield America)：美国海关打击国际恐怖主义有两方面使命：一是保护美国公众，阻止大规模杀伤性武器及其他恐怖器具进入美国；另一是防止国际恐怖分子和犯罪组织从美国及美国以外获得制造大规模杀伤性武器的材料和技术，以及军火、资金及其它支持。2001年12月4日，美国海关推出美国盾牌计划，旨在同美国有关企业合作，制止列名武器和军民两用战略敏感技术出口，防范其技术产品被恐怖分子和资助恐怖分子的国家所利用和获取。
集装箱安全倡议（CSI）：美国海关2002年1月推出这项计划，旨在增强海运货物集装箱的安全，防止其被恐佈分子利用。海运集装箱货运是国际贸易的关键环节，每年进出全球各主要港口的海运货物集装箱多达2亿只，美国进口总值中近50%是海运集装箱货物。CSI的核心是美国海关向重要的境外海港派驻检查员，在货物集装箱运往美国之前先行甄别。美国海关的派驻官员与实施CSI港口的海关官员一道工作时，能够监测该港运往美国集装箱中潜在的大规模杀伤性武器。由于运往美国的海运集装箱近70%经由世界20个大港发出，因此美国海关首先将这20大港作为推行CSI的重点（其中涉及我国港口为：香港、上海和深圳）。美国海关还将在其他输美集装箱量大且具备设施与技术条件的港口推广CSI。
海关-商界反恐伙伴计划(C-TPAT)：美国海关推出的这项计划是其应对恐佈威胁整体战略的组成部分，旨在由政府和商界共同构建和维护一个安全的供应链，保证贸易高度守法以提供可靠的通关风险布控信息，使海关既能快捷办理加入C－TPAT企业的进口通关手续并即时解决其所遇问题，又能确保边境安全与反恐。C－TPAT利用目前商界为保障国际货运不被恐怖分子及其同谋利用而采用的安全程序，并进一步强化了要求。加入C－TPAT的企业需自我评估其供应链的安全程序，找出薄弱环节，加强安全措施；还需承诺同供应链各个环节的服务供应商共同努力来增强其在全球的安全程序与安全进程。
24小时（提前申报）规则 ( 24-Hour Rules): 2002年8月，美国海关提出实行24小时提前申报规则的建议，2002年12月2日，“24小时规则”正式生效。这项规则规定，自2002年12月2日，对于所有输往美国的海运货物，承运人必须于货物在境外港口装船之前24小时向美国海关申报货运舱单信息。
30点智能边境协议(30-Point Smart Border Accord)：美国宾夕法尼亚州州长里奇与加拿大副总理Manley于2001年12月签署了“智能边境”声明及其30点行动计划，以在便利人员与货物合法流动的同时，增强美国与加拿大间边境的安全。行动计划的4大基点是：人员安全流动、货物安全流动、保障设施安全、信息共享与协同执法。
The U.S. Customs is divided into two parts, namely, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) , which are responsible for border law enforcement and case investigation, and were established on March 1, 2003.
1、 CBP
The establishment of CBP made the United States realize the first time in the history of the United States that the personnel and goods entering the U.S. port were managed by a single organization. CBP is designed to integrate the management resources and management skills of port law enforcement departments, improve management efficiency and achieve the goal of facilitating legal trade and legal travel while using all available resources to protect and defend the United States from infringement.
（1） The primary mission and main responsibilities of CBP
The primary mission of CBP is to prevent terrorists and weapons from entering the United States. Therefore, CBP will focus on enhancing the security of the UCBP's main responsibilities include: arrest illegal immigrants and interdict drugs and other prohibited goods, protect agricultural and economic interests from harmful animals and plants and diseases, protect American commerce from infringement of intellectual property rights, regulate and facilitate international trade, collect import duties, and implement U.S. trade laws.
(2） CBP security and convenience strategy
As a single border management agency in the United States, CBP is of vital importance to the protection of the United States and its nationals. CBP's strategy to enhance security and facilitate legitimate trade and travel as followings:
- improve the risk target screening system and advance access to information on personnel and goods arriving in the United States;
- partnership with governments and enterprises of other countries (regions) to promote "outward expansion of security zones";
- use pre inspection technology to configure relevant equipment;
- increase border security supervision manpower;
- cooperate with other agencies to combat trade fraud, intellectual property infringement, money laundering and other activities, and coordinate the delivery of illegal drugs under control.
2、 Immigration Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE)
ICE has about 30000 staff and is one of the largest investigative agencies in the federal government. The Bureau, the main investigative body under the Department of homeland security, has been entrusted with a number of responsibilities: cutting off terrorist financing, anti money laundering, combating illegal arms sales, combating immigration fraud and trafficking in human beings, detaining and expelling foreign criminals and other foreigners that the United States considers should be expelled. In addition, the agency oversees the implementation of domestic immigration and customs laws and protects some 9000 federal facilities.
3、 Anti terrorism security action launched by U.S. Customs after "9.11"
Project shield America: the United States Customs has two missions to combat international terrorism:
first, to protect the American public and prevent WMD and other terrorist instruments from entering the United States; The other is to prevent international terrorists and criminal organizations from acquiring materials and technologies, as well as arms, funds and other support for the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction from outside the United States and the United States. On December 4, 2001, the U.S. Customs launched the U. CSI: the U.S. Customs launched the plan in January2002 to enhance the safety of shipping containers and prevent them from being used by terrorists. Shipping container freight is the key link of international trade. There are up to 200 million sea freight containers entering and leaving major ports in the world every year, and nearly 50% of the total import value of the United States is marine container goods. The core of CSI is that the customs of the United States send inspectors to important overseas seaports, and identify them before the cargo containers are transported to the United States. When working with customs officers implementing CSI ports, U.S. Customs officers are able to monitor potential weapons of mass destruction in the port's containers to the United States. Since nearly 70% of the shipping containers to the United States are sent through 20 ports in the world, the U. The U.S. Customs will also promote CSI in other ports with large container volume and facilities and technical conditions.
C-TPAT: the U, The customs can not only handle the import customs clearance procedures of joining C-TPAT enterprises quickly, and solve the problems encountered by them immediately, but also ensure border security and anti-terrorism.
C-TPAT has further strengthened its requirements by using the current security procedures adopted by the business community to ensure that international freight is not used by terrorists and their accomplices. The enterprises that join C-TPAT need to evaluate their safety procedures of supply chain, find out the weak points and strengthen safety measures; It is also necessary to commit to working with service providers in all parts of the supply chain to enhance their global security procedures and security processes.
24-hour rules: in August 2002, the United States Customs proposed to implement the 24-hour advance declaration rules, and on December 2, 2002, the "24-hour rules" came into force. This rule provides that, since 2 December 2002, for all marine goods shipped to the United States, the carrier must declare the manifest information to the U.S. Customs 24 hours before the goods are loaded at the foreign port.
30 point smart border Accord: in december2001, governor Richie of Pennsylvania and Canadian Vice Premier Manley signed the statement of "smart border" and its 30 point action plan to enhance the security of the border between the United States and Canada while facilitating the legitimate movement of people and goods. The four basic points of the action plan are: personnel safety flow, goods safety flow, security of facilities, information sharing and collaborative law enforcement.
